Government Capital Punishment Essay Example for Free

Government Capital Punishment EssayTheories of penalty mystify significant role to play in the ongoing overturn on chapiter penalization, especially for murder. Some retributivists appeal to the lex talionis, the law of retaliation, to determine the appropriate amount of punishment . This principle specifies that the punishment should inflict on offenders what they have done to their victims an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, and a life for a life. Capital punishment is therefore the only appropriate punishment for murder. barely the lex talionis is deeply flawed. It focuses on the harm done by offenders without regard to their mental states.A life may be taken intentionally or unintentionally a person may be killed for personal gain or in order to relieve him or her of the agony of a terminal illness. redden if we restrict the scope of the lex talionis to cases in which the wrongdoing is fully intentional, there is still the problem about the level at which the pun ishment should imitate the crime (Singer, 1993). Should murderers be killed in exactly the manner that they killed their victims? In any case, it is impossible to apply the lex talionis to many offenders the penniless thief, the tooth assailant who knocks out his victims teeth, the tax evader, etc.If conscious of the defects of the lex talionis, retributivists merely insist that the punishment should be appropriate to the moral gravity of the offence, thusly this requirement can be satisfied so big as the murderer is punished more severely than less serious offenders. There is no need for cap punishment. From the utilitarian point of view, capital punishment can only be justified if it produces better consequences than less severe forms of punishment. This condition would be satisfied if capital punishment is a prime(prenominal) rafter to alternative forms of punishment such as long periods of imprisonment.So a utilitarian will try to settle the issue on the basis of the cert ainty about the effects of capital punishment. The statistical evidence is based on comparisons of murder rates in countries where there is capital punishment with those in socially similar countries where there is no capital punishment, and no comparisons of the murder rates in one and the same country at different times when it had capital punishment and when it later abolished it, or when it restored capital punishment after a period of abolition.The evidence does not show that capital punishment is a superior deterrent. However, the utilitarian approach is rejected by those who wish to place greater value on the lives of the innocent victims of murder than on the lives of convicted murderers. It is suggested that the evidence does not once and for all rule out the superior deterrence of capital punishment, and in the presence of such uncertainty, it is better to have capital punishment.If there is capital punishment, and it turns out that capital punishment is not a superior det errent, then convicted murderers have been unnecessarily executed. If, on the other hand, we abolish capital punishment, and it turns out that it is a superior deterrent, then there would be additional victims of murder.But this argument is unacceptable because where there is capital punishment, it is certain that convicted murderers will die, but in the absence of capital punishment and in the light of available evidence there is only a remote probability that there would be more innocent victims of murder (Conway, 1974). In any case, there is a risk of a few innocent people being wrongly convicted of murder and executed if there is capital punishment. This has to go under on the scales against capital punishment.

Management Functions and Roles Essay Example for Free

Management Functions and Roles EssayThis week I interviewed Mr. Bradford, the health trouble administrator of Willis Knight Health Center. Mr. Bradford has been in the health care field for 17 years. He has been the coordinator and director at the Willis Knight Health Center for 11 years. Human Resources and drawing cardship are two most touch functions according to Mr. Bradford for his organization. Human resources is the organizational function that deals with issues related to mickle such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization teaching, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. humanresources. ab fall bug out. com).Human Resource is also a strategical and comprehensive approach to managing people and the workplace culture and environment. Effective human resource management enables employees to contribute effectively and productively to the overall company oversight and the accomplishment of the organizations goals and objectives. (humanresources. about. com) Leadership plays an important role as well.As a leader you should be able to create more leaders, you moldiness be able to have the people following you stand up and get noticed so they in turn have other people following them while a chain of responsibility and cohesiveness forms so you create a well-oiled machine. Working with different individual on daily rudiments there is no way that you can satisfy each and every one. Creating a safe, healthy and happy workplace will ensure that your employees feel homelike and stay with your organization for a very long time.Paying out bonuses or having any kind of variable compensation plan can be both incentive and disillusionment, based on how its administered and communicated. Adopt a systematic approach to ensure that knowledge in databases to provide greater entree to information posted either by the company or the employees on the knowledge portals of the company. Hav e open house discussions and feedback mechanism as a leader you should be able to take constructive criticism. (empxtrack. com) There are five key challenges or areas, some strategic and some operational.Leadership, pay and reward, equality and diversity, gift management and service transformation and efficiency. Placing and shaping community leadership and delivering services to empowered and engaged citizens requires a new order of leadership skill and power from public sector leaders, both political and managerial. Pay and reward remains the immediate battleground for HR in the short term. National negotiating machinery is increasingly out of touch with the gets of local employers, politically directed by ministers and, as a consequence, is more focused on managing cost managing cost pressures and the broader economic position.Increasingly, the need to ensure organizational approaches to diversity has a true focus upon communities and community cohesion has meant that the role of HR in shaping, supporting and embedding good approaches to equality and diversity. bring out and demand talent spotting and development and, most importantly, the ability to deploy talent effectively for the future means that HR needs to provide resourcing and development solutions that are faster, more flexible and technology enabled to reduce the bureaucracy and paper-based approaches that many still protect and love.Finally service transformation and efficiency the big challenge, in the future get involved with service transformation and modernisation. (personltoday. com) In conclusion to better services the people we serve is to continue to educate the staff, make winners out of your staff, always make individuals better as you become better and have a great relationship with your staff and patients. Additions to training life experiences can service of process alone the way, best lessons learned are the ones we learn on our own.

Hyper reality and Celebrity culture Essay Example for Free

Hyper world and Celebrity culture EssayNowadays media and technology are growing as hard to predict. Affected to the social behavior, homosexual bes cant recognize the impartiality we confused by the hyper trueity, we involuntarily to follow the system in our life. Hong Kong is a tiny city with flourishing information. The life behavior is the faster the better, it develop a lot of a copy action in different business, especially in matrimony industry, meanwhile Hong Kong peoples are extremely depend on Internet, the city havent realize its lead by celebrity culture and media. In this past five-year in Hong Kong had maked a in the buff way to represent forward- checkings call action newfounds they use 3D animation represent the whole happened in internet, but Is it the visual in the animation is real? People in Hong Kong emphasize wedding customs and traditions. It usually appropriates more succession in Hong Kong than in United States to prepare a wedding. Compar ing to the casual wedding in United States, wedding in Hong Kong are more complex, In fact wedding it can just care Las Vegas, spend $25 and have a simple marriage. This process takes less than 2 hours.Because of the celebrity culture and hyper reality changes Hong Kong wedding more in prevail ten year. In Hong Kong wedding like a system or a show, the bride and groom ordain take picture show in royal family call past print like an oil painting with the frame. The banquet get out have backdrop for the guest-taking photo with the bride and groom, and the backdrop will have the designed logo for the newly wed. They will have an emcee for the banquet they will play the game, sing etc. R. Penfold-Mounce(200912) thinks Celebrities in society influencing fashion, how we furnish our home, and plane the food and throw we consume.The reason to have all these action are not traditional behavior, It all just come out by the majestic wedding and Celebrity. Royal wedding has affected the standard how about wedding should be. Media showing the Royal or Celebrity wedding over the cosmos by television. The audience will try to follow or copy the wedding in the design, dress, picture angle and style. You can compare the different of photography royal family with Hong Kong people. (picture 1-2) S. Holmes and S. Redmond (200660) agree, Adulation, identification and ambition are key motifs in the study of celebrity culture.The desire for fame, stardom, or celebrification stems from a need to be wanted in a society where being famous appears t offer enormous material, economic, social and physic rewards Some wedding they will design a souvenir, it based on royal wedding souvenir, they are giving a cup, a little decorative items. (pictures 3-5). Those item were made without any purpose, there has not use value. It was created by emulation, If we charm clearly about need is a concept without desire or personal require. It just system twisted desire to be rationalize an d abstract. J.Baudrillard, (1988 161). The new wedding behaviors have no meaning, but it getting to change be traditional behaviors, People getting to believe the new wedding behaviors are weighty in wedding. Media, Photo, Video, Facebook help wedding behavior explode to everyone, accordingly people try to duplicate their wedding same as what they saw, after 100 times duplicate, people think new wedding behaviors are inevitable and right. Facebook network bring the wedding to a half public space, people bet on photo, in addition everyone got camera, it make wedding cant escape to be public.In this status the bride and groom will change to be well have a go at it in their area. It is the reason to reinforce they have new wedding behaviors, because the wedding is in the public space, muckle will know hows the wedding look like, mountain will discuss about, wedding transform to be a issue. The great amount of representation, people step by step lose the reassessment on new weddi ng behavior.According to C. Mclninch(2008) Assimilation being further affirmation of the individuals mastery of an idea and of the individuals tooshie in the world in reference to that idea. In view of new wedding behaviour related to culture industry, in that campaign they are unity, repeat, deception, falsehood, operation and forcibly. Hyper- reality or media accelerate new wedding behaviour to intrude our mind and it permeates our mental. J. Baudrillard(198898) said as a sort of historical attraction to the second degree, a trope to the second power. The new wedding behaviours are deception and falsehood the wedding photography companies build up a hyper reality land for the bride and groom to takes photos. in that respect normally like a Destiny land or cinema studio, people can easy to cross around the world, they imitate Beijing the interdict City, Europe church, USA Main Street and something you can expects (picture 6-11). Because of the high emulation building complex, Human the examination will get weak. At the same time there is not original emulation, consequently human will forget how is the real veto City look like, human impress is the emulation of Forbidden City, Reality will cover by Simulation. J.Baudrillard(1988113) believe The Disneyland imaginary is neither true nor false it is a deterrence machine set up in order to rejuvenate in reverse the fiction of the real.Whence the debility, the infantile degeneration of this imaginary. Its meant to be an infantile world, in order to make us believe that the adults are elsewhere, in the real world, and to conceal the fact The Disneyland is really similar the wedding companys studio, they smash down I believe what I see, because mess media cover us with simulation. With presentations The medium is the message.This is merely to say that the personal and social consequences of any medium that is, of any extension of ourselves number from the new scale that is introduced into our affairs by eac h extension of ourselves, or by any new technology. M. Mcluhan(1964124) Nowadays Hong Kong people highly depend on Internet, News geometry level to spread out. In an hour we cant imagine how umpteen a(prenominal) viewer in one title of newsworthiness.But we neer perform an in-depth investigation on the news viewpoint, The director of Simone Andrew Niccol(2002) said Its easier to make 100,000 people believe than just one. Media really understand Niccol speech Media selective represent the true in the society, Media will try to test the deal, find out which part of true the masses will accept, afterward media will simulacra then keep representing. Different news media represent news in different way, even in same issue, base on reporter viewing point, the news head tittle and visual representation are influence the masses how understanding the message. For example in Protest at Dolce and Gabbana store in Hong Kong follows alleged ban on photography.To analyze the tittle, picture , editing and emulate. It all started when a local tabloid newspaper reported that security guards stopped people from snapping pictures remote its flagship Hong Kong store in Canton Road. What really incensed local sensibilities was that one of the doormen apparently told a local man that the photo ban was not elongate to Mainland Chinese tourists. That prompted a barrage of online comments on Hong Kong web sites acc victimisation DG of blatant racism and claims that international brands have, in general, become too dominant on Hong Kong streets.Hong Kong has 54 different Daily newspapers but in this news just only when reported by one passing(a) newspaper name orchard apple tree daily. Apple daily represents the DG news in foregoing page more then 3 days, and every day up loads a film on youtube. Let it explode by the Internet, the title of the first day is Evil tyrant DG said dont take photo with our window display. In the begin the tittle havent mention any about racism, i n the first day video chorus mention Mainland Chinese people allow to take photo, Hong Kong people Go away , But in that 200 video they mention reporter had testing twice to take photo in font of the shop, it will mess up the original happen, because the second time is a virtue kernel or reality effect. In the video never showing any people who represent DG say any about racism, The only said racism was the chorus. Previously had been mention when human facing great amount of representation, people gradually lose the reassessment, public havent pick out for the video clip with the actual DG staff to said about racism.The Second day, early(a) daily newspaper start to mix into this hyper reality project, but they all just present on a tiny space of a whole page, the video just report how masses go through about DG with the no snapping issue. On another hand April daily used the tone on the presentation was totally different, they keep used the front page on DG issue, Video-showin g peoples taking photo in font of the DG store with a tittle DG very obstinate, everybody snap a shot. The intention is obvious they try to encourage people to take a photo in font of DG store.They find out the masses most interesting in freedom and racism problem on the DG issue form all those comments about the first video they post on youtube. Then third day apple daily got a celebrity take picture in font of the store, and report facebook had a group, hadnt mention who create the group, just mention who many people likes. You can see how media step by step building a simulation. Once upon a time there were mass media, and they were wicked, of course, and there was a guilty party. Then there were the viruous voices that accused the criminals.And Art (ah, what luck ) offered alternatives, for those who were not prisoners to the mass media. U. Econ(1990153) , The masses havent to seek for What is the reason apple daily need taking photo in font of DG store, Where is the video clip about DG said about racism, Who create the facebook page to against DG Hong Kong store. The masses totally get in to fascination by media. J. Baudrillard(199585) think fascination is join on on the happen is fading away, when the happen is disappear, people just only facing fascination.He also agree Media is a place of disappearance, because Media is a place to eliminate meaning, message and symbol. The third day on DG store issue, Apple daily present more then10000 protesters in font of the DG store, other daily newspaper had different number on the protester result around 10000, a lot of protesters, It really confuse us to know how many protesters in the actual situation. But the DG protest explodes to different media, TV, radio, Internet.The frequency of representation to increase many times over, the focus point form masses is shift to Are we need to attend the DG protest? The masses totally forget why apple daily need to take photo in font of DG store. Since the frequency of representation the second day of the protester had redoubled. Apple daily the tittle for fourth day was When DG will apologize. , media to drive masses request DG apologize, DG have no alternatively to provided press release about apologize for specific staff indiscretion.In that short-term Apple daily create an untrue speech to be a speech had more then 40000 people believed. Everything just a media using information technology create a simulation, simulation dominate our world, the between representation and objective, notion and object there has no any distinction. We live in a world where there is more and more information, and less and less meaning. J. Baudrillard(199598) proved Media montage numerous similar massages, a lot of them are without meaning, and media is leads masses to a lost area.Truth sneak into different shooting angle or retouching it will change to effect base on technology create a truth effect, media exploit these effect to attract masses or try to affect t heir judgment, Media is mislead the public with prevarication and deliberate falsehoods. visual perception is believing is cant apply on nowadays news anymore. Besides they can pretense that turns into reality, Apple daily also is the first daily newspaper using 3d animation to represent news They start it from the 3d pictures (picture x), in this few years they develop to 3d animation.They call that 3d animation news in action news. Action news that animations story are composite with different people information about the news, confirming editor arrange and computer graphics try to fitting in with the story, to build up a lively and realistic way to present the truth they consider as, let the public can more understand to discuss about the topic. Even apple daily everyday will produce 10 to 15 news to action news but not every single news will adding with animations, normally they base on text characterization, then adding some information are hard to distinguish real from imitat ion.For example on one action news from 3/4/2010, compares the text interlingual rendition and the animation version, there had add many extra parts in the case like Beach dating, the defendant had take off victims clothes, the victim wauling in font her mother and how the situation and expression when policemen search the defendant flat, those plot in text version havent any mention about, but they are the news plot form action news. (Reference 2)In fact, a lot information form the case havent explain really detail like background, but in action news had been explain really clear, How does the flat look like of the victim and the defendant, even floor and furniture in the flat, action news they present it all to the masses, compare other news daily information about the same news, had not mentioned any information about their flat. How apple daily know how their flat look like?How they know the victim must cry when she express to her mum. Obviously, action news had push picture r epresent news to an other level, It help media easier to arouse masses emotion, to cause masse consume, base on J. Baudrillard (1995129)the original and the distinction between reality and representation vanishes. There is only the simulacrum, and originality becomes a totally meaningless concept. Since original had be represent that is not truth any more, is just a concept.Now action new steps in to another level, using simulations to show real, Through our common mavin to create the real they though, that is hyper reality They are deliberately to copy same as real, naturally masses start believe hyper reality, gradually masses forgot the truth. Along with media science and technology rapid development, nowadays media has different way to copy real or simulacra, like building, video, retouching and 3d animation. It increase human or media the confidence and ability to control real.Media and consume society operate our behaviour, When we look back at history, we just find out man y no meaning behaviour or simulacra, we never find individual idea and original. Technology brings out human the power and desire control real. We step by step fall into hyper reality. In addition different government, structure and organization they got their own reason to hide the truth to the public. Now even a ordinary people represent him / her self in facebook. How many facebook user equal or more then how many simulacra, News and wedding are just only part of our life, but we are trapped beyond hope of rescue.

Promotional Program Situation Analysis

Promotional Program Situation AnalysisSony Entertainment has a large brand severalize and has a large direct market for each(prenominal) in each(prenominal) of their electronic product line. Because of the high lease for new engine room and consumers buying Sony quality products, it has an annual advertizement budget of approximately five billion US dollars globally1. And last year in 2009, Sony spent 3.4 billion dollars in advertizing al ace, which is around what early(a) competitors spend on advertise. Sony has an effective approach with spending money on advertisement their new products and promoting new indorses for Sony feeble solaces. The corporation uses a variety of promotional media strategies to advertise new products that be coming discover. The way Sony does this is done with(predicate) magazines, newspapers, television receiver game trade envisions (like E3), internet advertisement, Playstation internet forums, TV advertisement, sponsorship, and wor d of m knocked out(p)h. The largest reach to consumers is through television commercials.Sony has been found in many different kinds magazines to reach their large pit market. Sony airs their commercials on a large scale of channels and networks. For example, Sony PS3 game commercial appears on comedy central, Fox, c maneuveroon network, and many more. Their current commercial is an actor as the Vice President of Sony entertainment that illustrates people asking the VP questions more or less the PS3 and he answers with something that promotes the PS3 game and console. The commercialshave a slight humor to them to keep the viewer interested and to remember the advertisement. Sony Playstation has made appearances in TV shows such as two and half men, and movies, like the 40 year old virgin. The message strategies are to illustrate the entertainment a person gets out of a idiot box game and the detailed computer generated images, CGI, that are used in the games.Overall, Sony Playsta tion is a strong competitor for the entertainment industry. The competition is moderately intense, but it is fragmented because on that point is not one major company that dominates the market. The technological trend is leaning towards television announce and internet advertising. 90% of the target market have internet and 70% use the internet to shop online. Sony is already capitalizing on this trend and spends most of the advertising budget on advertisement spots. The company meets customer rejoicing with its products and customer service. The company is always seeking to make things better and expand its products.Positioning and Campaign ThemeGame consoles are trying to reach the demand for the consumers wanting video games that have the latest, like-real life graphics, and an enjoyable experience. When consumers compare the three major video game consoles, Nintendo Wii, Xbox 360, and PS3, there is no comparison. The PS3 has everything all in one console. With the new Playsta tion synergetic, it leave alone bring Sony to another level of swordplay and setting it outlying(prenominal)ther apart from the competition. The major difference with the PSI is that it makes the person in guarantee feel like they are really inside the game. PSI is the only(prenominal) product that enablesthe character to simulate the same movement the gamer is doing by using all of their full body motion. Playstation focuses on having the best engine room and implementing having the latest of technology in one console. Sonys mission statement is to experience the joy of advancing and applying technology for the benefit of the public. Sony has positioned all of their product lines around this philosophy.Playstation Interactive allow for define their position in the market by using product differentiation, and uses of the product. Our logotype Be in control Be interactive positions the product as of being in control of the game and being involved in more than a controller. I t also sends the message of being an innovator of having the best and latest technology on the market.Playstation Interactive does more than play games. It has all the capabilities of the PS3. The PS3 slogan now is it only does everything. To keep the mission statement and message of the product to the market intact of its features, another slogan is Having everything at your movement. This slogan shows that it does more than video games, and has the best technology in one console. The message is consistent with the positioning statement. It does this by having slogans that relay the message from an advertisement as it positions the product in the market. As stated in a higher place the two slogans that would be used are Be in controlBe interactive and Having everything at your movement.Communication Objectives and StrategiesThe advertising strategy for the PlayStation Interactive is attempting to occur the major benefits of the product. The value of the PSI is that it get out d o an unbelievably real practical(prenominal) gambling experience. The gamer will feel their game is a reality, which is the ultimate benefit. The tendency is to differentiate PSI from any other gaming system that can be made similar, and to appeal to potential customers in a psychologically manner. The objectives of the range are to make the PSI a desirable gaming system. Its new technology will be perceived as the leader and pioneer of the beside gaming generation.Our objectives are toIncrease crawl inledge and awareness of this new technology to 90% of gamers in the selected target market in a 12 months period. mop up gap in Market share between PS3 and XBOX by introducing new technology. By doing this, we expect to increase our market share by 10% in a 12 months period, and reinforce the brand image of Playstation among existing customers.To achieve our goals we will reach to the early adapters of the gaming industry to have them talking and blogging approximately our prod uct, creating a Buzz that will provide the company with word of mouth advertising. We will incent product trial and drive purchase among the target market by onwardering game demos with over 80 games to choose from. We will also set demonstration available to main sellers (BestBuy, Target and Wal-Mart) to stimulate trials for potential customers.A Web site will be launched dedicated to the PSI besides the existing Sony Playstation official Web site. Each game will contain a link to the Web site where users can find out to the highest degree more games and subscribe to our email list and follow us on chitter and Facebook.This Web site will also provide take careors with information practical(prenominal)ly the new technology of the PSI. Visitors will be able to order the system and games through the website as well. We plan to offer games with custom made features only for our online customers.We will place advertising ads in the large gaming magazine such as GamePro and Game In former. We will place commercials on stations such as G4 and Spike which target the same gaming market as PSI. We intend to advance relations with game retailers by providing them with cooperative advertising support. Other examples of advertising would be direct response advertising, co-operative advertising, and sales promotion (like when Sony dropped the price for the PS3 to $299.00).Advertising AppealsThe advertising appeals which will be used for the PSI is a fun, some quantify humorous and emotional appeal. The advertising will create a desire. Video game/console advertising is sort of like movie trailers, the reason being the trailers get the viewer involved in the situation or, in a gaming case, the action. ane commercial, for example, advertises a new game and shows a brief glimpse of what the game is like, the detailed graphics and at the end of the commercial will show the logo for the Sony PSI. An advertisement for the product can show a person playing the Nintendo Wii on the couch and not moving their body just moving the controller. then the screen will shift to a person playing Playstation Interactive actually moving their whole body as the person ingame does exactly the same thing as the person in control. This advertisement will show product differentiation and product usage. Other advertisements can show the advanced graphics of a game with a character running around in the game then the camera will zoom out of the television show the game footage and show a person running around doing all the things the character is doing, then it will move to a slogan, Be in controlBe interactive.We have in mind these types of appeals will work best for our campaign since one of our goals is to establish a reputation for games that poke fun at what many would consider humorous or ridiculous actions by well-known people.Additionally, to help promote games via word of mouth, each game has the option to notify a friend. So, a user can send a text message to a friend instantly to share their excitement or recommendation intimately the games.Rationale for Creative RecommendationsThe reason for choosing the advertising strategy selected, is due to the fact that the act of gaming requires more a mental state than a forcible state. Therefore by advertising to customers psychological side it may create more of an intense desire to have the newest technology in gaming.Advertising Media Recommendations systemWe first must create awareness of our practical(prenominal) gaming system to the initiate and serious video gamer so they can be aware that our realistic gaming system actually exists. Secondly we have to show how our gaming system is different and superior to any other gaming system in the market today. This wont be easy task but can yield major dividends if done correctly. In our media strategy we wont neglect the post and the influence of word of mouth advertising which will be a huge factor in promoting our virtual gaming syst em. The target market we are going to reach has to be overwhelming satisfied with our virtual gaming system otherwise they wont recommend their friends to go out and purchase the system. The target market were reaching would only recommend the system if they all can play against each other. In other words we have to completely punish all of their friends so they can all go out and buy a virtual gaming system for their own home. Either we satisfy all of them or none of them to buy the virtual gaming system. We believe word of mouth advertising will eventually supersede all traditional forms of media advertising once people learn more some our virtual gaming system. In the meantime we will coordinate different media strategies to maximize our virtual gaming system by bringing out brand awareness of our gaming system.Advertising and Communication ObjectivesFirst our communication to the public will be about how our virtual gaming system is unique to anything on the market. Secondly, any video game enthusiast will have an opportunity to not just a play a video game but to actually feel and be a part of theexperience within the game This is a far different experience then just playing a game and your body movements are mimicked on the screen with the other competitors in our target market. When you think of a video game slogan, such as the one in John Madden Football Its in the game This virtual system will entirely change your perspective because the player of the virtual gaming system is going to literally be, in the game. The last message that we want to convey to our target market is that our virtual gaming system comes complete with everything included. No need to go out and buy any accessories to use and play our virtual gaming system since it comes complete in our base package.Target marketVideo Game PlayersTee political hackers to young adults 15-35You enjoy playing video games in your spare time and you already own a Playstation 3, Xbox or a WII. This is a video gaming system that you must have immediately It takes video games the way we know it today and intensives the experience you receive from playing video games and multiplies it 100 over. Getting the system is cool but its even cooler if you get it before all your friends get the system. Since youre the coolest kid out there you open up the virtual gaming system and it blows you away on how realistic and fun the system is. So you decide to brag to all your friends how cool the virtual gaming system is. Since we live in a stay connected era your friends are prehensile that not only they dont have a virtual gaming system to play against you, they dont have a systemperiod, to play with. This is an unfair competitive prefer that most teenagers and young adults wont put up with at all. So you know what happens next, youre not cool if you dont own a virtual gaming system. You nag your parents, begin working part-time or you sell your old gaming system to gather the money to get y our own virtual gaming system. This is how the popularity of the virtual gaming system will take off and a large part will be attributed to word of mouth advertising. Word of mouth advertising is huge trend in the target market were trying to reach to promote our virtual gaming system.Major Selling Idea or notice BenefitsThe major change idea would be that the system includes a 3-Dimensional Virtual gaming experience. This key benefit will be the strength of our selling promotion. Since it gives the video game player an experience they can only enjoy if the use the virtual gaming system. This will be introducing a new state of the art dimension that will be the strength to our sales promotion.The Media PlanTo create curiosity among the public, we will first advertise our slogan, follow by the PSI logo and the coming soon words. To effectively market the virtual gaming system we will first have the system setup in a parade kiosk at retail stores for people to test and play the vir tual gaming system. This will be our earnings/Interactive Recommendation of out media plan. The retail stores we will first launch the system at will retail stores like Wal-Mart, Best Buy, Target, GameStop, Toys R Us and HH Gregg. This will start theprocess of creating an advertising hum about the system. This will be done one month before the release date of the actual system to allow people to ca-ca for the arrival date of the virtual gaming system. In the meantime while they wait for the release date this waiting period will create an terrible amount of hype about or gaming system.Once the systems are all installed and set up and running in all the retail stores listed to a higher place we will move to step two of our media plan and thats using the Internet as our recommendation for marketing the virtual gaming system. The Internet advertising will be done on banners on Google, AOL, Bing, You Tube and MSN home pages. This will have our company logo and imbibe people to see and try out our virtual gaming system kiosk wherever electronics are sold. The advertisement will also list the release date of declination 3rd. This will create motion by consumers to get involved and try out the system for a free trail. For an incentive they can obtain a $15 off coupon redeemable off their first game purchase. The time of this step will be a week after step one has been complete. The timing of the system will be to bring brand awareness in early November and have a release date to be set December 3rd.The rationale empennage this marketing strategy is the target market where trying to reach is Internet savvy and love interaction. They will get the best of both worlds with a free trial period and an incentive to buy the virtual gaming system just by coming into the store. This will start the buzz and word of mouth advertising which is exactly the type of response where looking for. Friends discussing their first virtual gaming experience with other friends and bo uncing off ideas and opinions about the new virtual gaming system.This will cause our target market to literally salivate from the mouth and cross off each day on their calendar until our December 3rd release date.The third step in our media plan after exactly one week after the Internet/ Interactive phase will be to use mass advertising and more specifically TV advertising. The television advertising will be short commercials showing someone using the virtual gaming system and then it will flash on the screen showing you what they see inside their glasses. The commercial will end with the systems slogan and logo and will simply say, coming December 3rd. Under the release date it will have the companys website address and say visit us online for more details. The television ad will just be used to give people just little bit of information about the virtual gaming system and give them an invitation to the website.When they visit the website it will have the system specifications and FAQs. The website will also show clips of the users at the retail store and interviews from the virtual gaming system designers. It will also have a 10 minute video will a virtual system executive selling to the viewers why the virtual gaming system is so unique. The website will also have a discussion board for others to discuss with others.The rationale behind this form of advertising is to penetrate the market near Christmas time so consumers and families have time to prepare for the added expense during the holiday season. Since our product is a virtual gaming system this will create the broadest amount of brand awareness and since the commercials will be short and to the point will save one thousand thousands in advertising dollars. The goal for the television advertising is to accomplish a few things. The first is to create brand awareness to the virtual gamingsystem. The second is giving a brief insight into what the virtual gaming system actually does. The third goal it wil l do is educate consumers of the release date. Fourth goal is to invite people to visit the website to get more information. Once consumers visit our website were confident they will continue to find out more information by visit the retail store next for the free trail. The last goal will be for video gamers to purchase our virtual gaming system.Budget SummaryThe keep down Estimated budget is at $1 billionRationale behind this budgetThe virtual gaming system kiosk will be approximately $350 million dollars of our advertising budget. This portion of the budget is the Interactive recommendation of our marketing strategy. The second expense will be approximately $150 million dollars in Internet advertising dollars. The remaining $500 million dollars will be dedicated in television advertising since this is the most expensive form of adverting dollars. The expenses will be the order of the steps as listed above. This is the most effective way of reaching the target market and creating awareness of the virtual gaming system. Regardless of whether youre a novice or serious video gamer, this media plan will reach the intended recipient.

Marketing Plan and Strategy for Online Company

work Plan and scheme for On rail line attach toThe foodstuffing see explains the creation of an on line island of Jersey accompany by the name of The tee shirt. It explains on what grounds the company is made and the tactics to run the business. The situational analysis explains the background of the business. The merchandising plan explains how the product forget be made acceptable by the earreach and the methods of aw areness that all(prenominal)ow utilize to make the product know to the market in Karachi, Pakistan. It in care manner explains the ways that leave behind abet the product to pose the market in lesser period period. The total amount for initiating the business is $100,700/= (I need ab let on 40,000 pounds investment)- this amount is apprx 63000 in pound, enthral let me know if we have to only consider the exact amount of 40,000 punds. Kindly confirm this so that we have to change the change our costing sheet. The island of Jersey Companys ( the nam e of the company is T-Shirt company mission is to offer far above the ground superiority tee shirts to aim audiences with a plan to expand in future moving into further product categories. It has been anticipated that the business bequeath grow in the coming three years with gradual increases in the revenues.(And similarly try to set a target market like Pakistan, dubai etc, because we cant serve whole world on that point are different rates like currency and postage rates which will confuse us,so it is imposible to serve whole world)- Karachi is mentioned in the report now1. SITUATIONAL ANALYSISThe availability of internet makes it incredibly comfy to instigate an apparel Web site comparatively promptly. The initiative to start the business will start with the assembly of an internet based on line shop for the propagation and the development of the business. Similar to a physical, bricks-and-mortar T-shirt business, the establishment of the company is backed by research and p lanning for future penetration and to capture market in less time (Woerndl 2007). The online company by the name of The T-shirt Company is an innovative and exciting business that will help the guests to suffer a fancyed- shirt of their own choice based in Karachi, Pakistan. The business will be aided by latest computer technology to help in customized printing o T-shirts in small bulks. This online company will accept orders from anywhere at any time. The option to choose the material, style and chassis will be always there. The front and back designing can be chosen by the guest. Hence the customer can express himself ultimately. The T-shirt with the customized designs will help a person the inner feeling of be a fanatic or a sportsman or a instrumentalist or the customer can feel the celebrity feeling by wearing a T-shirt having a picture of a celebrity imprinted on it. The T-shirt may be imprinted with a social contentedness or a causative clause to capture the attraction of others (Urban 2004).1.1 grocerying and cross off schemaThe company will provide a number of options for the T-shirt wearers. The business is solely meant for T-shirt ordering. The T-shirt Company will have ties with printing companies to engage their printer sublimation technology. This will help in developing a computer image to be applied to a shirt in a juicy fiber, high resolution, and economically feasible manner. The use of this technology will help the customer to use the shirt for a longer period of time with out any tension of the print to be washed away. The sublimation technology is cost efficient enough to offer customers the ability to order just one unit. The customer may choose from a wide-ranging collection of accessible imagery, provide their own image, or have an artist generate a representation for them (Ackerberg 2001).merchandising Sales StrategyThe sales dodging will make putting the order to The T-shirt Company a pleasing experience. The sales team will continuously work for the website since it is the main portal for the purpose of ordering. The sales will work on the persistent development of the website which is considered as the main instrument utilize for ordering. Similarly, the website will be user friendly since it will be the direct source to come in contact with the customer. It is necessary since all the choices for the customer are available on the web portal. The sales will be per skeletal systemed directly on this portal. The directions for the habitude of the site will be easy to understand so that the customer will not get frustrated. It will be important to have a responsive, comprehensible web interface for two major reasons. First, there are so numerous choices accessible that it could turn into daunting to the patron and the second reason is that a large segment of sales will be positioned on the website. It is essential to create it so uncomplicated that people dont impede part way throughout ordering a but due to cumbersome (Cateora and whole wheat flour 2007).The T-shirt will too bear the following techniques for boosting the sales. The priority is extraordinary customer service. The second technique is to fulfill the order giving the customer a feeling of furnished product and giving the customer a sense that the business is meant for the customer. Sales can be enhanced by providing high quality products (The finance Resource 2010).Competitive EdgeThe T-shirt Company has following dominant competitive advantages.The strategic partnerships with companies that have existing pictural image libraries, The T-shirt Company is able to offer an extraordinary number of options.Other competitors costs proscribe printing custom shirts in one-off manufacturing runs while the T-shirt Company offers single(a) item order (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002).The T-shirt Company is a unique online T-shirt company that offers a wide range of customized products. It uses the sublimation process to put the prints on the fabric of T-shirts. This is a cost effective method since the T-shirt Company offers the option of small production runs. The use of recent technology has made the use of sublimation process cost efficient (Eighmey 1997).As specified and prcised by the name, there will mainly be an emphasis on T-shirts. Organic fabrics, Long sleeves, hapless sleeves and a variety of styles will also be offered (The Finance Resource 2010).Corporate schemaThe corporate strategy of The T-shirts Company focuses its customers and peers keeping in get the idea to bring innovation and style in the world of T-shirt market.Build connection with consumersBring affordable products with the demand the customersMake our online company a competitive advantage, through regulation and distinctionSpeed up growth through focused implementationThe corporate strategy is meant to leverage the brand strategy (Johnson 1998).Brand StrategyOur brand reflects youth and style hence the tag line will be Wear the style with comfort. This reflects an impact of the target audience that is youth goes for style while adults prefer comfort (Greenwald, Anthony and Leavitt 1984).The brand strategy of The T-shirt Company is Brand Extension. Brand extension means coming up with a new product line along with the existing one. Initially we will emphasis on our core product that is the T-shirts. With the passage of time as the cyberspaceability of the current product increases we will go into line extension that is the manufacturing of other shirts for casual and formal wear (The Finance Resource 2010). market and Brand CommunicationOur imaginative approaches guarantee engagement, and an occupied, considerate audience will be far more approachable to our message. We can create a communications strategy to maximize the impact, by communicating with your audience prior to, and following to any marketing event. All pre-event communication will be created in-brand our website, and other media meth ods we are adopting. This will build up expectation. All tactics designed to enhance the brand (Laroche, Michel, Zhou and Kim 1996).2. MARKETING AND BRAND OBJECTIVES2.1 Marketing and Brand ObjectivesBrand forms the foundation of a marketing activity and Brand plays the biggest role in creating space in the minds of a customer. The strength of the brand is critical to our companys long-term business health and loot (Griffin and Pustay 2009).The utmost objective of The T-shirt Company is to make The T-shirt preferred brand among the target audience (Greenwald, Anthony and Leavitt 1984). The brand will reflect theRecognition among the competitorsTargeting the audiences so as to captureAttaining a number of new clients in the attached yearPositioning the brand as an industry leader in the next five monthsEmploy a local anaesthetic promotion with the Companys targeted audience through the use of newspaper advertisements, flyers and word of mouth promotion and internet blogs.Develop th e websites to amply attain the attention of the customers who are the ultimate people to be served (Woerndl 2007).The power of our brand lies in its ability to focus on its target audiences as the specificity of the products dear supports to the brand. The objective of our brand is to gain customer loyalty in order to incline the customer to come for repeat purchases. The brand development clause will be incorporated in the corporate strategy to strengthen the impact for brand in future development (Jagdish and Sheth 1971).3. MARKETING AND BRAND STRATEGY3.1 Market Analysis SummaryThe T-shirt Company has segmented this market into two assemblys.The first target group is one who prefers already made designs.The second group prefers the customized designs. The introduction of segmentation is again based on the demographic of the buyers as there are two separate groups of buyers (Laroche, Michel, Zhou and Kim 1996).3.2 Market SegmentationThe market has been segmented into two groups on the basis of the following two characters.By product typeAge group3.3 Target Market Segment StrategyThe T-shirt Company has selected two market segments i.e. follow demographic segmentation and the second is based on Psychographic segmentation. The reason is that the customers will chose according to their lifestyle (Ackerberg 2001).3.4 seam AnalysisThe T-shirt industry is brick and mortar based. This business is mostly niche but The T-shirt Company is meant to cater to the general market. Most of the associate in the industry fall into two major categories which include those that sell to individuals and secondly those that vend in multi-unit production (Brister 1991).3.5 CompetitionThe T-shirt will face local as well as international brand competition. Along with the online competitors brick and mortar competition is also prevailing in the market. Large numbers of companies are heterogeneous in computer based techniques to cut costs. The T-shirt Company is able to influence proprietary expertise as an aggressive edge to produce more higher quality computer sublimation (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002).3.6 progression StrategyWe will adopt the push strategy making use of a companys sales force and trade endorsement activities to create consumer demand for a product (Laroche, Michel, Zhou and Kim 1996),3.7 Price and pricing strategyThe per unit price of each item i.e. one t-shirt is $ 20 which is very competitive as compared to the market. The price charged for products and services is set synthetically low in order to gain market share. in one case this is achieved, the price will be increased. This approach will help in attaining the market share initially (Johnson 1998).3.8 Strategy and Implementation SummaryThe T-shirt Company will influence its two competitive edges on rivals to quickly grasp and gain market share. These two competitive edges are wide range of graphic designs and the cost efficiency of the technology. Student groups and Youth events wi ll be targeted. The analogous way, the sales campaign will attract the customers through word of mouth referrals (The Finance Resource 2010).Here you just define the things but you didnt explained what our company will do.I think if you read the details properly, you can find the proper influence regarding the companys working4. ACTION PROGRAM4.1 Market SegmentationThe market has been segmented into two groups on the basis of the following two characters.Market will be segmented on customer age basis. Ages 12-25 will be in more focusMarket will be segmented on the basis of students because students will be our main customerSegmented to all those customer earning accumulative $ 8000The marketing campaign will emphasize to promote the online shop as giving the customer a customized product (The Finance Resource 2010). There are few of the tactics to inform the customers about the venue of the product .The message can be spread as follows.4.2 Promotion through EventsDifferent events will be sponsored which includes sports events and music festivals along with the innovative kind of tremendous unobjectionable events as a means of growing visibility.4.3 Promotion through KioskThe store will have a computer kiosk for customers to access the design book. The customer can then put the order online or take the information to a worker to place the order (The Finance Resource 2010).4.4 Promotion through Student groupsThe T-shirt Company will involve student groups to actively participate in increasing the awareness about the product. The demographic and psychographic both factors will be visible in this tactic.4.5 ProductThe major product is the t-shirts which will be promoted to the customers through the above mentioned media.4.6 Logo CreationOur company will choose a logo for its branding. The logo will be source of recognition for the company since the emblem comes to the mind of the audiences.4.7 Sales Forecast and sales attain planThe sales output will be conser vative in the first year in order to fulfill the set targets. The sales foreshadow will be divided on the basis of the two factors that graphic design and the product type. The sales will be performed directly on the website portal. The directions for the usage of the site will be easy to understand so that the customer will not get frustrated (Urban 2004).The T-shirt will also incorporate the techniques for boosting the sales. The priority is extraordinary customer service. The second technique is to fulfill the order giving the customer a feeling of furnished product and giving the customer a sense that the business is meant for the customer. Sales can be enhanced by providing high quality products.4.8 Website OptimizationThe website will be essential in The T-shirt company marketing effort is a key sales tool for both distant and customers. The access address will be used in promotional material and by heartening people to explore the company products.Good quality promotional t- shirtsT-shirts printed with your logo or message.Branding is all do by sprinting.Graphics approves through e-mail.No hidden chargesFree delivery to customers(I noticed you are giving references in every paragraph, but this is the plan in which we have to write our own company plan, so there should be more words(plan or strategies) from our side)You are absolutely right but This is the same way we asked you in HR assignment if you remember.. but we were asked to insert the reference in every part of the assignment4.9 Market AuditThe audited account will include psychoanalysis of the companys marketing strategy, marketing association and marketing efficiency. It must be organized in order to give concrete conclusions based on the analysis. To make certain impartiality, this market audit is best done by a department, person or organization that is independent and is away of the marketing program. Marketing audits must not to be done when the value of a current marketing plan of a comp any is in problem it has to be done sporadically to isolate and resolve problems prior to they arise. Marketing audit will be held in case if the existing marketing plan fails to operate effectively. The audit will be run accordingly to solve the problems in advance. It means that marketing audit will help the company in gauging its profitability and authorization (Xiaofen and Yiling 2009).The company will actively look, make possible, and give confidence for feedback, both encouraging and pessimistic by creating friendly and omnipresence of complaint and suggestion systems (Woerndl 2007).4.10 perplexityOur influential online entrusted management system can make possible all communication this includes organization of enticement and registrations, ensuring all delegate necessities are met5. PROJECTED pelf AND LOSS STATEMENT5.1 Financial Look UpThe sales forecast is sensibly conservative so that goals will be attainable. Sales will be slow at the start, a function of the fact that The T-Shirt Company is just a start up organization and it will get time to build an ample foundation. The total budget we assume $100,700/- approx here we take assumption of increase in sale and percentage of taxes and interest rates.5.2 AssumptionsPercentage development in Sale147%Percentage Cost Of Sale147%Inflation Rate21%Increase in Rent per Year10%Payroll evaluate15% involution on Debt10%Tax Rate30%Total Equity25200Total Debt755005.3 Sensitivity AnalysisThe company can also faces any declines in terms of revenues in economic downtown and our product which basically considered as a non-essential item and therefore company can also faces any issues in profitability and income due economic recession. So considering the fact Company has to pay attention and focus on the sales and the profits earning should anticipate same or even better in any economic stage (The Finance Resource 2010).5.4 Income StatementYear 1Year 2$$Sales117882291169Direct cost of sale58941145584Other Cost of Goods00Total Cost of Sale58941145584 earthy Margin58941145584Percentage of Gross Margin50%50%ExpensesPayroll6840082764Sales, Marketing and other Expenses25003025Depreciation996996Rent1100012100Utilities33003993Insurance30003630Payroll Taxes1026011799Total Operating Expenses99456118307Profit Before Interest and Expenses-4051527277.27EBITDA-3951928273.27Interest Expense60455700Taxes Incurred05743Net Profit-4656015834.27Net Profit/Sale-39%(set it at -25%)5%(this is ok)Note 1$ = Rs. 85 (PKR)6. CONTROL METHODSThe soften method comprises of the following efficiency calculating techniques.6.1 Sales AnalysisMonthly sales forecast and the target meted will be matched to find the accuracy of the promotional campaign .It will help in comparing the sales target and the discrepancies (Urban 2004).6.2 Market-share analysisMarket share will be analyzed keeping in view the sales of other competitors (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002).6.3 Expense-to-sales analysisIt will clearly demonstrate the range of costs that are explicit and implicit of achieving the company sales target (The Finance Resource 2010).6.4 Financial analysisStrict financial accountability will exist. It will calculate various performance ratios such as profit margin, Expense-to-sales analysis, sales to assets and profits to worth (Cateora and whole meal flour 2007).6.5 Customer satisfactionIt is the eventual pointer of tracking goal accomplishment. Recurrent satisfaction and customer constancy surveys should form an essential part of any marketing drive (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002).6.6 Profitability controlThere is no point in extravagant limited resources on marketing efforts that guarantee nothing except name appreciation. The company will focus and check what products and consumer groups give in the most profits and assessment of running campaigns (Cateora and Graham 2007).6.7 Efficiency controlThe local picture is important. The company will scrutinize if there are any divergence between the feedback of c onsumer types and various market niches (Brister 1991).6.8 strategic controlThe accompaniment of effectiveness control is tactical control. It counts for the overall and long-term marketing plan It will clearly bring to the front the weaknesses, and market opportunities (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002).6.9 Marketing auditThe marketing audit is the raw matter for the tactical control. It will ensure that the marketing plan highlight the companys strengths that are well-matched with shifting market reaction, events, fashions, predilection, needs, and priority of consumers (Cateora and Graham 2007).

The Devil as Iago in Shakespeare’s Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Sh

The Devil as Iago in Shakespeares Othello One question that has often been debated amongst literary scholars is what could have propel Iago to set off such a chain of events which accumulated in the horrific amount of death and tragic consequences that occur in William Shakespeares move Othello. On the surface, one could artificially assume that Iago was spurred by two reasons to carry out such a malicious and inhumane plan. His anger of being passed oer for lieutenantship by Othello in favor of Cassio, coupled with his inclinations that his wife has slept with Othello, drives Iago to partake in dangerous and seemingly insurmountable actions in order to climb up the amicable ladder and exact revenge on Othello. Chief proponents of this belief that Iago was solely motivated by these two factors would argue that he was simply a Machiavellian-inspired villain who took action only in the devised betterment of himself and his current status. However, when one delves into Iagos unholy actions and intentions on a deeper level, it is clear that a metaphysical element exists in his character that when revealed is utterly haunting and truly horrific. A more penetrating analysis of Iago shows that he is not only the embodiment of evil but that he is in fact the Devil himself, who is set on destroying everything that is good in the lives of Othellos characters. A main underlying theme that resides in Othello is Shakespeares eternal usage of outward appearance as opposed to reality. It is Iago, who in the opening act of the play, makes this clearly obvious to the audience stating I am not what I am(1.1.65). Although it is not yet revealed to the audience who Iago really is (i.e. the Devil), this statement is a direct rev... ...o Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of northeastward Press, 1993. Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare Othello. New York Penguin Books, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada University of Toronto Press, 1957. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. The Engaging Qualities of Othello. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p. Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957

Sympathy, by Paul Laurence Dunbar: A Reflection of the African America

Sympathy, by Paul Laurence Dunbar A Reflection of the African Americans Struggle for FreedomI know what the caged bird feels, alas When the sun is b correctly on the upland slopes When the wind stirs soft through the springing grass, And the river flows like a stream of glass When the commencement bud sings and the first bud opes, And the faint perfume from its chalice steals-- I know what the caged bird feels Sympathy was written by Paul Laurence Dunbar in 1899, right at the end of the Nineteenth Century. It is a poem about the caged bird who wants to be free and tries, tries and tries again to outrage out of its cage. Each time, it is unable to break free and instead only injures itself, adding to injuries left over from past escapes. Dunbar depicts the birds desperate and unsuccessful struggle for freedom and images of nature, that beckon outside. The first paragraph touches on the state of affairs that grisly people faced at the turn of the century. Black people a hd recently been freed as slaves, only when there was still no racial affectity. The ultimate Court had recently upheld Plessy vs. Ferguson, which allowed separate but equal. In reality, it gave the government and business license to discriminate against black people. In the 1890s, most blacks were reduced to holding indisposed paid jobs, or being servants in peoples homes. They were barred from most educational and economic opportunities enjoyed by whites. Dunbar uses the analogy of the caged bird and nature outside to the situation that black people faced in the 1890s. Blacks had been emancipated in 1863, but they did non achieve equality with white people for another century. Black people did not have the same opportunities as whites... ...e caged bird sings a pretty tune, not because it is happy with its situation, or out of a desire to please its owner, but to awake(p) other birds to its plight and also to try to keep depression from overcoming it. Its only l ifespanline was its singing. During slavery, black people often sung, not because they loved being slaves, but because they were singing escape codes to other slaves and to hang on mentally, emotionally, and spiritually, that they would one day be set free. Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote this poem to illustrate the station in life for so many African Americans. It is clear that African Americans were caged in society at the turn of the century and wanted desperately to be seen as equal to whites. However, at the time this poem was written, black people had little hope of achieving that goal. That was a hypocrisy in the Land of the Free.